Antiquities Exhibits

Horses, with or without riders, were favorite subjects for Boeotian artisans. The figurines were frequently left as burial offerings in graves. Horses were a sign of wealth for the Greeks of this period, and the terracotta horses were probably left to symbolize and to reinforce the high status of the deceased. Thousands of clay figurines like this one survive from the Archaic period (600 to 480 BCE). "Horses played a central role in the great civic festivals in the ancient world, such as the Panathenaic Games in Athens and the Olympic games at Olympos, where they took part in chariot races and single horse races. The horse’s long affiliation with gods and heroes in Greek mythology no doubt also fostered a special respect and admiration for this remarkable creature in the minds of “ordinary” Greeks. In Homer’s Iliad, horses drive the chariots of the heroes and are praised for their swiftness and beautiful coats. They are often depicted as having special relationships with their own...

 "Votive offerings have been part of the human relationship with gods and belief from pre-history to the present. Today we might light a candle, a stick of incense, lay a bunch of flowers or in some Catholic churches people still leave a wax body part by way of a votive offering, but in the ancient world the practice was more wide-ranging, literal and multifaceted. The ancient Greeks and Romans offered them to a deity to bring good fortune or to grant favours and they were an important expression of their personal relationship with their gods and goddesses." - Richard Moss, Museum Crush: https://museumcrush.org/anatomical-votive-offerings-of-the-greco-roman-world/ Moss lavishly illustrates his article with votive objects from the Wellcome Collection, the Science Museum, and the British Museum in London.  He also mentions The Votives Project, a cross-cultural and multi-period effort to study votive material and contexts.  Participants' research include such diverse studies...

This sculpture of a self-crowning athlete may have been offered in gratitude by an athlete following a victory.  It shows a young man placing an olive wreath on his head, a symbol of victory, but also a symbol of citizenship.  The "self-crowning athlete" came to represent democracy in ancient Athens where the right to self-rule could be earned through citizenship.   The relief was found at Sounion, within the territory of the Leontis tribe.  The earliest literary reference to Sounion is in Homer's Odyssey (III. 278–285). The story recounts that as the various Greek commanders sailed back from Troy, the helmsman of the ship of King Menelaus of Sparta died at his post while rounding "Holy Sounion, Cape of Athens." Menelaus then landed at Sounion to give his companion full funeral honors with a cremation on a funeral pyre on the beach.  Sounion was fortified in the nineteenth year of the Peloponnesian War (413 BCE) for the purpose of protecting the passage of ...

Ancient Civilizations. Ongoing. At the Reading Public Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.  4th century BCE Bronze Pseudo-Corinthian or Italo-Corinthian Helmet.  Image courtesy of the Reading Public Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania The Reading Museum's antiquities collection include an array of artifacts from Egypt, Greece, Rome and other civilizations around the Mediterranean. Their Egyptian collection is comprised of amulets, votive sculptures, and a full length cartonnage mummy case of the 8th century BCE Lady Tadiashaikhet. Their Greco-Roman collection encompasses  a wide variety of ceramic vessels, Roman portrait heads, bronze lamps, Roman glass and this 4th century BCE Pseudo-Corinthian or Italo-Corinthian Helmet in excellent condition. The museum points out "During the 5th century BC this type of helmet was adapted by the Etruscans, who frequently depicted it in amphorae painting and on sarcophagi. Out of combat, soldiers often wore the helmet tipped upward for...